Chapter 2
Origins of Mathematics
The Ancients had studied the night sky for thousands of years.
They learned that cyclic angular formations between planets were
synchronized with the drama and pathos unfolding here on Earth.
Some cycles were readily predictable, like those of the Sun and Moon.
But the other planets moved in ways that seemed impossible to predict
back then. They seemed to speed up, slow down, and even change
directions in the sky.
Johannes Kepler is the scientist who devised the mathematical laws of
motion that explain all the mysterious deviations in the movement of the
planets. For this task he was sent to become an apprentice to
Tycho Brahe, legendary Astrologer to the King of Holland.
Tycho Brahe lived and worked in his castle on a tiny island in the
North Sea. Every cloudless night he climbed to the roof of a
specially constructed round stone tower and looked deeply into the dark
sky. In a time before telescopes, he had devoted his life to the
faithful nightly collection of planetary positions.
Tycho's contribution made it possible for Kepler to construct a
predictable record of cyclic motion of the known planets of that era, of
which Saturn was the outermost.
The book of daily planetary positions, based on the methods of
predictability evolved by Kepler and Brahe, is called an ephemeris.
These ephemera are so accurate that planetary positions thousands of
years in the future (and past) can be known today, with precision.
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